These module docs are in beta and may be incomplete.

modm:processing:resumable: Resumable Functions

An implementation of lightweight resumable functions which allow for nested calling.

This base class and its macros allows you to implement and use several resumable functions in one class. This allows you to modularize your code by placing it into its own resumable functions instead of the placing everything into one big method. It also allows you to call and run resumable functions within your resumables, so you can reuse their functionality.

Note that you should call resumable functions within a protothreads, with the PT_CALL(group.resumable()) macro, which will return the result of the resumable function. To call a resumable function inside another resumable function, use the RF_CALL(group.resumable()).

You may use the RF_CALL_BLOCKING(group.resumable()) macro to execute a resumable function outside of a protothread, however, this which will force the CPU to busy-wait until the resumable function ended.

Resumable functions are not thread-safe!

Use an external mutex to arbitrate access if two Protothreads access the same resumable function.

You can either run your group of resumable functions independently from each other, or only run one function at a time, but it may nest calls to its own group's functions. So you need to inherit your group from modm::Resumable<#Functions>, and from modm::NestedResumable<#Functions> respectively.

Independent operation

You must begin each resumable function using RF_BEGIN(index) where index is the unique index of your resumable function starting at zero. You may exit and return a value by using RF_RETURN(value) or return the result of another resumable function using RF_RETURN_CALL(resumable()). This return value is wrapped in a modm::ResumableResult<Type> struct and transparently returned by the RF_CALL macro so it can be used to influence your program flow. If the resumable function reaches RF_END() it will exit automatically, with the result of 0 cast to the return type. Should you wish to return a value at the end, you may use RF_END_RETURN(value). You may also return the result of another resumable function using RF_END_RETURN_CALL(resumable()).

Be aware that this class keeps a separate state for each of your resumable functions. This allows each resumable function to be run at the same time. This might require the use of an internal semaphore or mutex if such dependencies exist in your use case. Take a look at the NestedResumable class for mutually exclusive resumable functions, which also require a little less memory.

Nested operation

You are responsible to choosing the right nesting depth! This class will guard itself against calling another resumable function at too deep a nesting level and fail the resumable.begin.nesting assertion! It is then up to you to recognize this in your program design and increase the nesting depth or rethink your code.

The resumable functions of this class are mutually exclusive, so only one resumable function of the same object can run at the same time. Even if you call another resumable function, it will simply return modm::rf::WrongState. Using the RF_CALL(resumable()) macro, you can wait for these resumable functions to become available and then run them, so you usually do not need to worry about those cases.

You must begin each resumable function using RF_BEGIN(). You may exit and return a value by using RF_RETURN(value) or return the result of another resumable function using RF_RETURN_CALL(resumable()). This return value is wrapped in a modm::ResumableResult<Type> struct and transparently returned by the RF_CALL macro so it can be used to influence your program flow. If the resumable function reaches RF_END() it will exit automatically, with the result of 0 cast to the return type. Should you wish to return a value at the end, you may use RF_END_RETURN(value). You may also return the result of another resumable function using RF_END_RETURN_CALL(resumable()).

Example

Here is a (slightly over-engineered) example:

#include <modm/platform/platform.hpp>
#include <modm/processing/processing.hpp>

using Led = GpioOutputB0;

class BlinkingLight : public modm::pt::Protothread, private modm::NestedResumable<2>
{
public:
    bool
    run()
    {
        PT_BEGIN();

        // set everything up
        Led::setOutput();
        Led::set();

        while (true)
        {
            Led::set();
            PT_CALL(waitForTimer());

            Led::reset();
            PT_CALL(setTimer(200));

            PT_WAIT_UNTIL(timeout.isExpired());
        }

        PT_END();
    }

    modm::ResumableResult<bool>
    waitForTimer()
    {
        RF_BEGIN();

        // nested calling is allowed
        if (RF_CALL(setTimer(100)))
        {
            RF_WAIT_UNTIL(timeout.isExpired());
            RF_RETURN(true);
        }

        RF_END_RETURN(false);
    }

    modm::ResumableResult<bool>
    setTimer(uint16_t new_timeout)
    {
        RF_BEGIN();

        timeout.restart(new_timeout);

        if(timeout.isArmed()) {
            RF_RETURN(true);
        }

        // clean up code goes here

        RF_END_RETURN(false);
    }

private:
    modm::ShortTimeout timeout;
};

BlinkingLight light;

while (1) {
    light.run();
}

For other examples take a look in the examples folder in the modm root folder. The given example is in modm/examples/generic/resumable.

Options

check_nesting_depth

Check nesting call depth: True ∈ { True, False }

Nested resumable functions protect against memory corruption by checking if the nesting level is within the allocated nesting level depth, on first entry to the function. If the allocated nesting level is exceeded, the assertion resumable.begin.nesting fails.

You may disable this behavior by disabling this check, then instead of the assertion, the function on entry returns the modm::rf::NestingError state value. PT_CALL() and RF_CALL() macros will respond to this error by stopping function polling and just continuing program execution.

Performance Penalty

This check is performed during the call to RF_BEGIN(N), so exactly once on function entry and not during every polling call, so the performance penalty is relatively small.

Content

// Class
class modm::NestedResumable< uint8_t Levels=1 >;
class modm::Resumable< uint8_t Functions=1 >;
// Struct
struct modm::ResumableResult< typename T >;
// Define
#define MODM_RESUMABLE_MODULE_NAME
#define RF_BEGIN
#define RF_BEGIN(index)
#define RF_CALL(resumable)
#define RF_CALL_BLOCKING(resumable)
#define RF_END
#define RF_END_RETURN(result)
#define RF_END_RETURN_CALL(resumable)
#define RF_RETURN
#define RF_RETURN(result)
#define RF_RETURN_CALL(resumable)
#define RF_WAIT_THREAD(child)
#define RF_WAIT_UNTIL(condition)
#define RF_WAIT_WHILE(condition)
#define RF_YIELD

Dependencies